Current SNP detection methods are relatively slow, expensive and require the use of cumbersome equipment. “We’re developing a fast, easy, inexpensive and portable way to detect SNPs using a small chip that can work with your cell phone,” Preston Landon, a research scientist in Lal’s research group and co-first author on the paper, said.
The chip consists of a DNA probe embedded onto a graphene field effect transistor. The DNA probe is an engineered piece of double stranded DNA that contains a sequence coding for a specific type of SNP. The chip is specifically engineered and fabricated to capture DNA (or RNA) molecules with the single nucleotide mutation — whenever these pieces of DNA (or RNA) bind to the probe, an electrical signal is produced.
The chip essentially works by performing DNA strand displacement, the process in which a DNA double helix exchanges one strand for another complementary strand. The new complementary strand — which, in this case, contains the single nucleotide mutation — binds more strongly to one of the strands in the double helix and displaces the other strand.
In this study, the DNA probe is a double helix containing two complementary DNA strands that are engineered to bind weakly to each other: a “normal” strand, which is attached to the graphene transistor, and a “weak” strand, in which four the G’s in the sequence were replaced with inosines to weaken its bond to the normal strand.
DNA strands that have the perfectly matching complementary sequence to the normal strand — in other words, strands that contain the SNP — will bind to the normal strand and knock off the weak strand. Researchers engineered the chip to generate an electrical signal when an SNP-containing strand binds to the probe, allowing for quick and easy SNP detection in a DNA sample.
Researchers pointed out that a novel feature of their chip is that the DNA probe is attached to a graphene transistor, which enables the chip to run electronically.
“A highlight of this study is we’ve shown that we can perform DNA strand displacement on a graphene field effect transistor,” Michael Hwang, a materials science PhD student at UC San Diego and co-first author of the study, said. “This is the first example of combining dynamic DNA nanotechnology with high resolution electronic sensing. The result is a technology that could potentially be used with your wireless electronic devices to detect SNPs.”
The use of a double stranded DNA probe in the technology developed by Lal’s team is another improvement over other SNP detection methods, which typically use single stranded DNA probes. With a double stranded DNA probe, only a DNA strand that’s a perfect match to the normal strand is capable of displacing the weak strand.
Another advantage of a double stranded DNA probe is that the probe can be longer, enabling the chip to detect an SNP within longer stretches of DNA. In this study, Lal and his team reported successful SNP detection with a probe that was 47 nucleotides long — the longest DNA probe that has been used in SNP detection so far, researchers said.
Also, a longer probe ensures that the DNA sequence being detected is unique in the genome. “We expected that with a longer probe, we can develop a reliable sequence-specific SNP detection chip. Indeed, we’ve achieved a high level of sensitivity and specificity with the technology we’ve developed,” Lal said.
Next steps include scaling up the technology and adding wireless capability to the chip. Further down the road, researchers envision testing the chip in clinical settings and using it to conduct liquid biopsies. They also envision that the technology could lead to a new generation of diagnostic methods and personalized treatments in medicine.
Source: MDT Magazine
